1. Non-past Negative Form
Basic structure of the negative verb in the Kansai dialect is
V(negative-stem)+へん (e.g.
食べへん、
分からへん、
飲まへん). If the stem
consists of one mora, it is usually lengthened as if it had two
moras (e.g.
寝る →寝ぇへん,
来る →
来ぅへん). However, there
are many varieties depending on the kind of verbs and also depending on
the region. Note that nowadays standard type ない is also becoming
common among young people influenced by the standard.
Here is the summary of non-past negative forms.
Comprehension:
If the verb ends with へん/ひん/ん, it should be a non-past
negative.
Production: If you want to form negative verb, try a
commonly used one
such as;
*BOLD type indicates
high pitch
*Mouse over or click on the speaker icon for sound
る Verb
|
-E-RU ->Stem+ へん (食べへん、寝ぇ
へん)
-I-RU -> Stem+ ひん(借りひん、見ぃひん)
|
う Verb
|
-U-> -A+ へん (あらへん、飲まへん、)
|
Irregular Verb
|
するー>しぃひん、せぇ
へん、、
来るー>来ぃひん、来ぅへん、、
|
Detailed explanation will be provided below.
る Verb (Vowel verbal, Class 2 Verb)
|
Standard Negative
(listen all)
|
Kansai Negative
|
(-e)-へん
|
(-i)-へん |
(-i)-ひん
|
-やへん
|
-ん
|
(audio)
|
食べる |
たべな
い
|
たべへ
ん
|
|
|
|
たべん
|
|
寝る |
ねない
|
ねぇ
へん
|
|
|
ねや
へん
|
ね
ん
|
|
借りる |
かり
ない
|
かれへん
(stem change)
|
かり
へん
|
かり
ひん
|
|
か
りん
|
|
見る
|
みな
い
|
めぇへ
ん
(stem change)
|
みぃ
へん
|
みぃ
ひん
|
みや
へん
|
み
ん
|
|
As seen in above, if the dictionary form ends with
–e-る, then
-e-へん is
the form most commonly used, and if it ends with
–i-る, then
–i-ひん is
the most commonly used one in Kyoto/Shiga; however,
-i-へん and –e-へん
(even the sound in the stem itself can change in Kansai-ben!) are also
used in Osaka and some other regions. If the stem consists of one mora,
make the stem sound longer or insert や after the stem.
The short
negative form that is formed by adding
–ん to the stem is also
common. So you are confused?? Don’t worry. If you want to form the
negative るVerb, stick to the most commonly used ones, such as
–(e)-へん
and
–(i)-ひん, and don't forget
to lengthen the one-mora stem!
うVerb (Consonant verbal, Class 1 verb)
|
Standard Negative
|
Kansai Negative
|
-(a)-へん
|
-(e)-へん
|
-(a)-ん
|
(audio)
|
ある
|
ない
|
あらへ
ん
|
あれへ
ん
|
あらん
|
|
帰る
|
かえ
らない
|
か
えらへん
|
か
えれへん
|
か
えらん
|
|
飲む
|
のまな
い
|
のまへ
ん
|
のめへ
ん
|
のまん
|
|
吸う(smoke)
|
すわ
ない
|
すわ
へん
|
すえ
へん
|
す
わん
|
|
行く
|
いか
ない
|
いか
へん
|
いけ
へん
|
い
かん
|
|
The basic negative うVerb is formed by adding
–へん to the negative stem. So it is
basically the same as Standard negative form and the only difference is
replacing ない with へん. Short form ん is also common.
However, there is one more form especially common in Osaka, which is
Stem
-e-へん. Don’t you think
this form is somehow familiar? Yes, it is the same as the Potential
form of うVerb. Then, how can Osaka people distinguish simple negative
form of うVerbs from those of potentials? Actually, they use “passive
negative form” as potential negatives.
これ、飲む?
→ いや、飲めへん。(Osaka)
→ いや、飲まへん。(Kyoto)
これ、飲める?
→ いや、
飲まれへん。(Potential negative in
Osaka)
→ いや、飲めへん。(Potential negative in Kyoto)
Now you want to know how to distinguish potential negative from passive
negative in Osaka? Well, you have to rely on the context, of course.
Please note that the negative form of ある is あらへん (how systematic!), and
へん never stands alone unlike ない.
Irregular Verb (Class 3 Verb)
|
Standard Negative
|
Kansai Negative
|
-(e)-ぇへん
|
-(o)-ぅへん
|
-(i)-ぃひん
|
-(i)-やへん
|
-(e)-ん
|
(audio)
|
する
|
しな
い
|
せぇ
へん
|
|
しぃ
ひん
|
しや
へん
|
せ
ん
|
|
来る
|
こな
い
|
けぇ
へん
|
こぅ
へん
|
きぃ
ひん
|
きや
へん
|
こ
ん
|
|
There are so many variety of forms used as a negative of する and
来る. It totally depends on each region and person which form
is preferably used. In my region (Kyoto & Shiga), しぃひん and
来ぅへん
seem most common but other forms are used as well. So, you can just
pick whichever form you’d like when you want to say it.
Extra 1: Polite negative form 飲みまへん
Most Kansai people nowadays use 〜ません with Kansai accent as non-past
negatives when speaking politely. However, Some traditional forms such
as 〜まへん (e.g. 食べまへん) and [Negative-stem]+ しまへん (e.g.食べしまへん、帰らしまへん) are
still used by elderly people.